What is parkinsons disease

 parkinsons disease - Discovered by James Parkinson and named after him by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot during his studies between 1868-1881 of the disease of Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease also known as PD is described as a brain disorder not fatal neurodegenerative central nervous system that affects the movement of the body due to a lack of dopamine in the brain.

Whenever we see something we like, a meeting of an addiction, or we are doing something that we love, our brain produces a chemical hormone called dopamine that is created in a particular area of the brain's basal ganglia located in the region of the midbrain and the substance is called nigra. Dopamine is an important chemical or neurotransmitter that helps the movement of the body to be more coordinated and smooth and transmits signals between neurons at the synapse. When 60-80% of the dopamine-producing cells are damaged and stops producing enough dopamine, this causes the imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine, causing so, the visible symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is also leading the development of Lewy bodies in the nerve cells that cause dementia with Lewy bodies and the obstruction of communication between cells. Parkinson's disease commonly affects older people, the majority of the cases around the age of 50. While Parkinson's disease is not fatal, it is progressive, which means, that gets worse over time.

What is parkinsons disease

The earliest symptoms of PD are tremor or shaking of the hands while resting and usually begins at the start of a new activity, such as getting up and walking. The real cause of Parkinson's disease so far is unknown, but most experts believe that it may be linked to genetic and environmental factors.

Major visible symptoms of Parkinson's disease:

• Trembling or shaking of the hands of other members, while in the rest
• The rigidity and increased tone in the muscle of the body
• Slowed body movement (bradykinesia)
• Difficulties in maintaining balance.

There is a cure for Parkinson's disease at this time, but there are several treatments and medications approved by the FDA to help control the symptoms that can help to maintain a good quality of life, such as deep brain Stimulator procedure (DBS), which helps treat variety of deactivation of neurological symptoms, but this treatment is usually used as a last resort When the motor symptoms become too unstable and regular medication is not working. Levodopa and dopamine agonists are drugs that can be taken to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is a drug that the brain turns it into Dopamine and is a drug that has been used for more than 30 years. The problem with levodopa medication is that the body becomes immune to the effects of medication and soon, which can produce symptoms of side effects such as dyskinesia, which is involuntary twisting movement.

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Parkinsons Medications - Medications For Parkinson

Parkinsons Medications -  According to the researchers, currently Parkinson's disease only can be controlled. Treatments that are known can alleviate most symptoms, although they do not eliminate the cause. The possibility of control, along with acceptance and adaptation to the disease by the patient, would mean that most of the people who suffer, can bring an independent and active life.

In the early stage of the evolution of Parkinson's drug treatment is not required, but it is necessary to discuss with the specialist nature disorder and the availability of medical treatment to be used when needed.

Parkinsons Medications - Medications For Parkinson

A surgical measure is the Thalamotomy, a technique that destroys overactive nerve cells causing the tremors, affecting speech, weakness or numbness. This technique is still under evaluation.

Useful medicines in the treatment of this condition, include Levodopa, whose action is to replace the dopamine deficit decreasing the main features of parkinsonism. This drug softens the effects neuro-psychiatric arising, such as dementia, depression, hallucinations and psychosis, but none has managed to dominate the disease or stop it.

Levodopa is less effective in the tremor and alterations of posture control. With the passage of time, some patients have experienced regressions in the obtained initial improvement. Common adverse effects of this substance are nausea, vomiting, and hypotension (low blood pressure), but they also tend to present cardiac arrhythmias.

Insomnia, confusion, and other changes in behavior may occur a bit later becoming more frequent over time. Mexican doctors have developed an electrical device which allows the decrease of body tremor in Parkinson patients.

Another technique used to suppress tremors of patients with Parkinson's disease, is to electrodes implanted in the brain and whose name is the technique of stimulation deep in the brain, which involves implanting a cable in the area of the thalamus, which acts as a broadcaster of sensory information.

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Parkinsons Disease

Parkinsons Disease - Disease or Parkinson sickness, also called paralysis agitans, is a neurodegenerative disorder chronic leading, eventually, to a progressive disability.
It affects both men and women, being the second neurodegenerative disorder most prevalent in Spain after Alzheimer's disease.
It usually appears from 60 years of age with a peak between 70 and 79 years incidence peak, although sometimes, in a 5-10% of cases, also it can be manifested at an early stage in ages below 40 years.
In 1997, the World Health Organization established on 11 April as World Parkinson's day, date of the birth of James Parkinson, British physician who first described the disease in 1817, in order to raise awareness about the problems with the people affected by it.

Parkinsons Disease

Causes of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease occurs as a result of the destruction of neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia of the brain, brain area responsible for coordinating movements, muscle tone and posture.
The triggering causes may be multiple and are not yet fully known. Genetic factors, accelerated aging, or some environmental toxins could influence. Between 5-10% of patients with Parkinson's disease have a family history suggesting that genes involved there are.
As the underlying cause is the loss of a few specific neurons in the brain, treatment is mainly based on the administration of neurotransmitter that occur in these neurons, dopamine.

Main symptoms and Parkinsonism

Since the area of the brain affected is responsible for coordinating the movements and muscle tone, the most common symptoms are:

• Resting tremor. It is the most frequent. Decreases when the patient is engaged in some activity or during sleep.
• Slow movement (bradykinesia), especially in the movements of precision as fasten buttons or write, but over time becomes a widespread clumsiness.
• Muscle stiffness.
• Alteration of body posture and postural instability.
• Loss of balance, which increases the risk of falls.
• Gait alterations, especially to make turns.
• Facial blankness.
• Reduction of flicker.
• The bracing walking decreased.
• Not all symptoms occur in all patients, and the Association of two or more of these symptoms is called parkinsonism.
• As it is a progressive disorder symptoms gradually worsen over time. Also suffering from the disease, stress and anxiety, may aggravate them.

Other non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease

• Reduction of the sense of smell.
• Difficulty swallowing saliva and drooling.
• Difficulty in defecation and constipation.
• Urinary incontinence.
• Psychological symptoms: anxiety, depression and low libido.
• Sleep disorders: insomnia or sleep fragmentation.
• Sensory symptoms: tingling or pain in a limb.

Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease clinical base is. There is no evidence of laboratory or radiological study allowing to diagnose the disease.
Complementary tests as analysis of blood, MRI or PET, are used to help rule out other processes since many of the symptoms of Parkinson's can be shared by other pathologies (hypothyroidism, hydrocephalus, cerebral vascular lesions or tumors).
The application of pharmacological therapy with Levodopa (the drug of choice in the treatment of Parkinson's disease), can confirm the disease in a few days if symptoms improve or are clearly corrected after its administration.

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Parkinsons Causes - What Causes Parkinsons Disease

Parkinsons Causes - We know that certain genetic factors and predisposition family to develop this disease, although a recent study published by the journal of the American Medical Association JAMA, indicates that diagnosed after age 50, Parkinson's does not have genetic components and certain environmental factors, they may be cause of this disorder. They suggest that studies related to the heritage linked to the disease, address subjects that have an early manifestation of the ailment.

Multiple pathogenetic hypotheses have emerged. Among the better-informed are involving a toxic, so far unknown factor, and genetic factors.

Parkinsons Causes - What Causes Parkinsons Disease

No matter what the cause last, various processes probably involved in the production of neuronal damage are referred to. Including the formation of free radicals. These are unstable compounds because they lack an electron. In an attempt to replace the electron missing, free radicals react with surrounding molecules (especially metals such as iron), in a process called oxidation. It is considered that oxidation causes damage to tissues, including nerve cells. Normally, antioxidants, chemicals that protect cells from damage, keep under control the damage caused by free radicals. The evidence that oxidative mechanisms can cause or contribute to Parkinson's disease include the finding that patients with the disease have elevated levels of iron in the brain, especially in the gray matter, and decreasing levels of ferritin, which serves as a protective mechanism surrounding or forming a circle around the iron and isolating it.

Other scientists have suggested that Parkinson's disease may occur when an external or internal toxin selectively destroys the dopaminergic neurons. A factor of environmental risks such as exposure to pesticides, or a toxin in the food supply, is an example of the kind of external trigger that could, hypothetically, cause Parkinson's disease. The theory has among its supports the fact that some toxins, such as tetrahidropiridina (MPTP) induce symptoms similar to those of the disease of Parkinson's as well as injury to neurons in the gray matter in humans and animals. However, to date, no research has provided definitive proof that a toxin is the cause of the disease.

A relatively new theory explores the role of genetic factors in the development of Parkinson's disease. A 15 to 25 percent of Parkinson's patients have a close relative who has experienced symptoms of Parkinson's.

After that animal studies showed that MPTP interferes with the functioning of the mitochondria within the nerve cells, researchers were interested in the possibility that the deterioration in the DNA of mitochondria can be the cause of Parkinson's disease. The mitochondria are essential organelles that are found in all animal cells that convert food energy in fuel cells.

Finally, another theory proposes that Parkinson's disease occurs when, for unknown reasons, the wear and tear of normal, age-related dopamine-producing neurons, is accelerated in certain people. This theory is based on the knowledge that the loss of antioxidative protective mechanisms is associated with Parkinson's disease and aging.
Many researchers believe that a combination of these four mechanisms - oxidative damage, environmental toxins, genetic predisposition and accelerated ageing - will finally identify as causes of this disease.

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Parkinson Treatment - Treatment For Parkinsons

Parkinson Treatment - The treatment of Parkinson's disease is symptomatic to extend or maintain the quality of life for as long as possible, since none of the available drugs currently serves on the progression of the disease.

Now combine three treatment options: pharmacological, surgical, and rehabilitative.

Pharmacological treatment and medication

As the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are primarily due to a lack of dopamine in the brain, medications used are formulations of dopamine in order to replace it.

Parkinson Treatment - Treatment For Parkinsons

Levodopa is the drug anti-parkinsonian more effectively today and in lathe to 80% of patients treated with Levodopa expresses a free initial improvement. It may occur along with other drugs to treat different symptoms associated with the disease. Once started the treatment with Levodopa it is essential to continue periodic controls to adjust your dosage and minimize the side effects which usually produces long term.

Surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease

It is mainly indicated for patients who for various reasons, already do not respond to drug treatment.

Deep brain stimulation is presently the surgical treatment most used because it has been shown that it provides a great improvement in the quality of life by reducing the symptoms associated with the disease. It also allows to reduce the medication, minimizing the side effects of anti-parkinsonian drugs.

Deep brain stimulation and brain pacemaker

Surgically placed an electrode in a specific area of the brain (the subthalamic nucleus) to block the activity of this causing the typical symptoms of Parkinson's brain structure with electrical impulses.

The surgery is performed under local anesthesia with a small hole in the skull through which is placed the electric Stimulator at the exact point of the brain previously selected with neuroimaging techniques. A few days later, and already under general anesthesia, passed beneath the skin of the neck connecting cables between the electrodes placed on the head and a pacemaker of stimulation, which is usually inserted under the collarbone.

It is a reversible intervention in the event of side effects occur or if the result was not expected and the risks are those relating to brain surgery.

Once the "brain pacemaker" implanted electrical stimulation parameters have to be adjusted individually, so it must be strict to find the optimal values of stimulation in each patient follow-up.

The key to surgical success is in relation to the correct selection of the candidate, the exact placement of the electrode in the brain and on achieving a perfect stimulation.

Subthalamotomy

There is another alternative therapy indicated for patients who, for some specific reason, not possible to implant a stimulator. This technique is called subthalamotomy and is in practice a termolesion controlled motor symptoms causing subthalamic nucleus area. In contrast to deep brain stimulation this technique is not reversible and its adverse effects may be permanent.

Rehabilitation treatment and physical therapy in Parkinson's

Rehabilitation treatment is aimed at treating specific disease dysfunction to foster the greatest degree of personal independence as possible:

• Facilitate the monitoring and coordination of movements.
• Treat disorders of posture and balance.
• Maintain an adequate mobility to articulate.
• Act on cognitive impairment and conduct.

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Parkinson Prevention - How To Prevent Parkinson

Parkinson Prevention - In recent years many studies have been conducted in order to identify exogenous factors that may modify the risk of developing this disease. Through studies, retrospective case-control study has tried linked regular consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and certain vitamins with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease but the results of these studies are contradictory and is not possible at the moment to infer that the consumption of these drugs reduce the risk of Parkinson. The strongest Association is currently the highest incidence of the disease among non-smokers: a relationship in alteration in levels of dopamine caused by tobacco and a decrease in the risk of contracting Parkinson's, but the mechanisms of such a relationship are not yet certain.

Parkinson Prevention - How To Prevent Parkinson

Some studies suggest a link between dairy consumption and Parkinson's disease.

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